7. The argument works this way:
P: Herbal remedy found to be just as effective as drug. |
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| _________________________________________ | |
| C: Proof that chemical agents unnecessary for effectiveness |
People often hear "herbal" and believe that the remedy is purely natural. And, the conclusion claims "chemical agents", but these are not necessarily human-made chemical agents. The manufacturer assumes that the herbal remedy does not contain any naturally occurring chemical agents that effectively treat painful joints. (B) is the correct choice and may be negated by taking out the "no". The negation would weaken the argument, and thus (B) is a necessary assumption.
(A) contains something that the manufacturer might believe, but this is not a required assumption. Whether or not people actually use the remedy is irrelevant to whether chemical agents are necessary or not.
For (C), the passage does not actually state that any people had participated in the test. The clinical tests could have been conducted purely through evaluation of the components.
(D) is irrelevant because it does not matter who performed the testing.
(E) refers to the cause of the painful joints, but the passage makes no mention of this.
8. The discrepancy is this:
| X | YET | Y | |
| Minimum wage increase often results in job cutbacks | Recent minimum wage increase did not result in job cutbacks in fast food, most workers paid minimum wage |
Seek a choice that shows that the employers cut costs some other way, provided in (A) -- the fast-food industry saved money on recruiting employees, so the minimum wage increase was evened out.
(B) refers to "higher-paying supervisory" positions, but the holders of these positions do not necessarily make the decisions on whether to cut jobs (and in the process perhaps eliminate the need for their own positions), i.e., "supervisory" does not mean that the person has the power to eliminate jobs.
(C) What other industries are doing is irrelevant to solving the discrepancy above.
(D) needs "a few" would need to be replaced with "most" or "all", but this is impossible because the passage already states that most workers are at minimum wage.
(E) If all sales of fast food increased, then the fast food industry might need to keep its workers and even higher more. But, (E) simply states that those who are paid minimum wage did not increase.
9. The passage provides conditional statements:
| Main, first, or last word of title g Should always capitalize | |
| Article, preposition, or conjunction fewer than five letters in middle of title g Never capitalize | |
Should always capitalize could be "should sometimes, usually, or never capitalize". Should never capitalize could be "should sometimes, usually, or always capitalize".
(A) states this:
| Preposition or conjunction that should be capitalized g First or last word | |
But the information about prepositions and conjunction is limited to those that are fewer than five letters in the middle of a title. Although prepositions and conjunctions are often fewer than five letters (in, out, for, but, and, nor), there are plenty that are five letters or longer (under, although, nevertheless). Also, First or last word only app \ears as a necessary condition in the passage information.
(B) states this:
| Should be capitalized (i.e., |
Compare this with the fourth line of the original information above. (B) must be true and is the correct choice.
(C) states this:
| Preposition or conjunction fewer than five letters in title g Never capitalize |
However, the first sentence states that one should always capitalize the main, first, or last words. So, if the first word of a title is a preposition or conjunction, then one should capitalize it. For instance, "To Be, or Not To Be".
(D) states this:
Compare this with the first line of the original information listed above.
(E) refers to "any text", but the information is limited to titles.